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Bitcoin () is a cryptocurrency, a type of electronic cash. It is a decentralized electronic currency without a central bank or single administrator which can be sent out of user-to-user on the peer reviewed bitcoin network with no need for intermediaries.7

Transactions are verified by network nodes via cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. Bitcoin was invented by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto9 and published as open-source software in 2009.10 Bitcoins are created as a reward for a process known as mining.

Research generated by the University of Cambridge estimates that in 2017, there were 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using bitcoin.12.

Bitcoin has been criticized because of its use in prohibited transactions, its high electricity consumption, price volatility, thefts from exchanges, and also the possibility that bitcoin is an economic bubble.13 Bitcoin has also been used as an investment, although several regulatory agencies have issued investor alerts about bitcoin.14

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The domain name"bitcoin.org" was registered on 18 August 2008.15 On 31 October 2008, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System5 was posted to some cryptography mailing list.16 Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin applications as open-source code and published it in January 2009.171810 Nakamoto's identity remains unknown.9.

In January 2009, the bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the first block of this chain, known as the genesis block.1920 Embedded in the coinbase of this cube was the following text:"The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks. "10 This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp and a comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking.21:18.

The recipient of the initial bitcoin transaction was cypherpunk Hal Finney, that made the first reusable proof-of-work system (RPOW) in 2004.22 Finney downloaded the bitcoin software on its launch , and on 12 January 2009 obtained ten bitcoins out of Nakamoto.2324 Other ancient cypherpunk fans were creators of bitcoin predecessors: Wei Dai, founder of b-money, Read More Here and Nick Szabo, creator of bit gold.25 In 2010, the earliest known commercial transaction using bitcoin happened when developer Laszlo Hanyecz purchased two Papa John's pizzas for 10,000 bitcoin.26.

Nakamoto is estimated to have mined one million bitcoins27 before disappearing in 2010, when he handed the network awake key and control of this code over Gavin Andresen. Andresen afterwards became lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation.2829 Andresen then sought to decentralize control. This left opportunity for controversy to grow over the future development path of bitcoin.3029.

After early"proof-of-concept" transactions, the first significant consumers of bitcoin were black markets, such as Silk Road. During its 30 months of existence, beginning in February 2011, Silk Road exclusively accepted bitcoins as payment, transacting 9.9 million in bitcoins, click for more worth roughly $214 million.31:222

In 2011, the price started at $0.30 per bitcoin, growing to $5.27 for the year. The cost rose to $31.50 on 8 June. Within a month the price fell to $11.00. The next month it dropped to $7.80, and in another month to $4.77.32

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Litecoin, an early bitcoin spin-off or altcoin, appeared in October 2011.33 Many altcoins have been created since then.34

In 2012, bitcoin prices started at $5.27 growing to $13.30 for its calendar year.32 By 9 January the price had risen to $7.38, but then dropped by 49% to $3.80 over the next 16 days. The price then climbed to $16.41 on 17 August, but fell by 57% to $7.10 within the next three times.35.

In March 2013 that the blockchain briefly split into two independent chains with different rules. The 2 blockchains operated simultaneously for half an hour, each using its own version of the transaction history. Normal operation was revived when the vast majority of the network downgraded to version 0.7 of the bitcoin applications.37 The Mt.

Gox experienced processing delays due to insufficient capacity44 resulting in the bitcoin cost dropping from $266 to $76 before returning to $160 within six hours.45 The bitcoin cost rose to $259 on 10 April, but then dropped by 83 percent to $45 over the next 3 times.35 On 15 May 2013, US authorities captured accounts associated with Mt.

881.48 This marked the first time a government agency had seized bitcoin.4950 The FBI captured about 26,000 bitcoins in October 2013 in the dark web website Silk Road during the arrest of Ross William Ulbricht.515253 Bitcoin's price rose to $755 on 19 November and crashed by 50 percent to $378 exactly the same moment.

In 2014, prices began at $770 and dropped to $314 for the calendar year.32 In February 2014 the Mt. Gox exchange, the most significant bitcoin exchange at the time, stated that 850,000 bitcoins had been stolen from its own customers, amounting to almost $500 million. Bitcoin's price fell by almost half, from $867 to $439 (a 49% drop).

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